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Renaissance and Reformation essay |
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Renaissance and Reformation. Custom Renaissance and Reformation Essay Writing Service || Renaissance and Reformation Essay samples, help
Renaissance was a cultural movement which took place between 14th and 17th century. It began in Florence in late Middle Ages; it later spread to the rest parts of Europe. Renaissance also refers to the historical era in general terms since the changes were not uniform. It was a cultural movement which included learning resurgence which was based on classical sources, development of painting in a more linear perspective as well as widespread of educational reform although it was gradual. This intellectual transformation has been seen as a connection between the modern era and modern era (Norwich 54). Renaissance has been in used in bringing up revolutions in many political and social developments, it is also well known for development of artistic aspects. It has been seen to be a key drive in many intellectual pursuits. Renaissance was a movement that was cultural; it affected the intellectual life of many Europeans in the early modern period. Renaissance begun in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe by 16th century, the main areas that were affected by this influence included literature, art, politics, philosophy, religion, science and intellectual inquiry. The scholars in renaissance utilized humanist method in the study while searching for human emotion and realism in art. At one time in history, the Renaissance humanists accepted the Christianity, in fact, most of the Renaissance work was devoted to Christianity. Many churches of that time patronized much of the Renaissance works of art. There was as shift in the way the scholars or the intellectuals approached the religion, this was reflected in other cultural life areas. Furthermore, a lot of Greek Christian work that included New Testament of Greek was brought back to Western Europe from Byzantium. This engaged western scholars for the first ever since late antiquity. The Greek Christian works new engagement and in particular original Greek New Testament return, which was promoted by humanists like Erasmus and Lorenzo Valla, paved way or means for protestant Reformation (Brotton 25). One main feature of the Renaissance era was the art or paintings. Renaissance art is sculpture, painting and decorative art is the art during the Renaissance period in the European history. It emerged as a distinct style in Italy at around 1400 in line with other types of developments like literature, music, philosophy and science. Renaissance art was perceived as revival of the early traditions; it took the art of classical antiquity as its foundation. It later transformed that tradition with absorption of the developments that were recent in the northern Europe arts as well as applying the knowledge of science. The Renaissance art spread in most parts of Europe due to Renaissance humanist philosophy, it affected the artist and the patrons as well as new artistic sensibilities and techniques developing. The Renaissance art was a mark of transition from medieval period to the early modern age in Europe (Stark 117). Early Renaissance art was formed in parallel with the art of late medieval in most parts of Europe. The renaissance style prevailed by 1500, with the late Renaissance art taking a distinctive and different characteristic in every region as it continued to develop. Some of the great arts during the Renaissance era, the various works of art included Proto Renaissance art of 1280 to 1400, early Renaissance in Italy of 1400 to 1479, high Renaissance art in Italy of 1475 to 1525, High Renaissance art in Italy of 1475 to 1525 and Early Netherlandish art of 1400 to 1525. Proto Renaissance art of 1280 to 1400 was in Italy. The Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano his grandson sculpture, which was working at Siena, Pisa and Pistoia, showed classicizing tendencies that was influenced by these two artist familiarity with ancient roman sarcophagi. The masterpieces of these two artists were the cathedral of Pisa and Baptistery pulpits. Giotto, who was Florentine painter, developed a painting that was figurative as well as a three dimensional, naturalistic, life like and classicizing when it was compared with that of teacher Cimabue and his contemporaries. Giotto’s greatest work in the life of Christ at Arena chapel was seen as restoring and rescuing art by Giorgio Vasari who was 16th century biographer (Capra 247). Early Renaissance art in Italy in 1400 to 1479 was another great works of art in the Renaissance era. Although Giotto and Pisanos had followers and students, the first truly artists emerged in Florence in 1401. They were competing to sculpture a set of bronze doors of Florence Cathedral Baptistery; this completion drew the attention of seven young sculptors who included Donatello, Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti who won. Brunelleschi was famous for his great architect work like the Florence Cathedral dome and San Lorenzo Church. He also created several sculptural works which included crucifix in Santa Maria Novella that was known for its naturalism. He was also renowned for his greatest sculptor of early Renaissance; he made an erotic statue of David at the republic of Florentine. He had also a great monument of Gattamelata; this was greatest bronze art to be created since the times of Romans. By the end of Early Renaissance, the Italian art was marked as beginning. There was a commission that drew group of artist together, this was when Pope Sixtus IV rebuilt the Papal Chapel, and he named it Sistine chapel. Artists like Perugino, Ghirlandaio, Botticelli and Cosimo Rosseli were commissioned to decorate its walls. They were to depict the Life of Moses and Christ in their appearance. These artists utilized linear, lighting and atmospheric perspective technique. Another great art in the Renaissance era was high Renaissance art in Italy in 1475 to 1525. An artist Leonardo da vinci was to perfect further the pictorial art aspects like linear, lighting as well as atmospheric perspective. Other pictorial art aspects included foreshortening, characterization and anatomy. He adopted the oil paint to be his main media towards depicting the light and its effects on the objects and landscape. This depicted to be more naturally and also with great dramatic effects like never before. This was clearly demonstrated in the Mona Lisa art. Michelangelo was Leonardo’s younger contemporary artist who took a different direction. Another great painter a part from Michelangelo and Leonardo during the High Renaissance era was Raphael. Raphael painted great portraits like that of Pope Julius II. He also painted the portrait of High Renaissance era was represented in Northern Italy by the religious paintings of Giovanni Bellini. It also included several art pieces which were referred to as Sacred Conversation. It showed a group of saints surrounding the enthroned Madonna. The major art piece during the high Renaissance era was the assumption of the virgin, this combined drama and human action drama, and it had spectacular atmosphere and colour. Black Death was a plague that caused people to change their view on the world, this plague hit Europe between 1348 and 1350. Italy was the one that was hit most by this plague. This plague caused many thinkers to dwell or think more on their lives rather than afterlife and spirituality. Black Death caused a new wave of piety which was manifested in religious works of art sponsorship. This Black Death pandemic affected all parts of Europe and not Italy alone. Black Death had a high impact on the arts during the renaissance era. The triumph of Death was the art which reflected the terror and social upheaval that was followed by the plague, the plague devastated medieval Europe. The triumph of death was the art by Pieter Bruegel’s. Another great art was The Dance of Death; it was inspired by Black Death. The Dance of Death was an allegory on death universality as well as common painting motif in medieval period. Reformation is referred to as movements that occur, during the Renaissance era. Some of the reformations included protestant reformation; this was by Martin Luther, who tried to reform the Roman Catholic Church. This reformation resulted to schism which grew to a very wide movement. Another major reformation was Counter Reformation which was Catholic Church response to Protestants. During the same era, there was English reformation. This reformation led to England church breaking away from pope’s and Roman Catholic Church authority. Other reforms that took place included radical reformation, Scottish reformation and reformation in Switzerland (Thorndike 89).
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